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Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin) deficiency causes the systemic disease pellagra, which leads to dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and possibly death, depending on its severity and duration. Vitamin B3 is used in the synthesis of the NAD+ family of coenzymes, contributing to cellular energy metabolism and defense systems. Although nicotinamide (niacinamide) is primarily used as a nutritional supplement for vitamin B3, its pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical uses have been extensively explored.In this review, we discuss the biological activities and cosmeceutical properties of nicotinamide in consideration of its metabolic pathways. Supplementation of nicotinamide restores the cellular NAD+ pool and mitochondrial energetics, attenuates oxidative...

Research Summary: This assessment focuses on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and on anionic or nonionic PEG derivatives, which are currently used in cosmetics in Europe. These compounds are employed in a variety of cosmetic applications due to their solubility, viscosity properties, and low toxicity. PEGs, their ethers, and their fatty acid esters cause little to no ocular or dermal irritation and exhibit extremely low acute and chronic toxicities. They do not readily penetrate intact skin, and considering the widespread use of preparations containing PEG and PEG derivatives, there have been few reported cases of sensitization reactions. These cases primarily involve patients...

Research Summary: Human skin has unique properties, with one of the most apparent being its role as a physicochemical barrier. The human integument is capable of resisting the penetration of many molecules. However, smaller molecules, particularly, can surpass the skin transcutaneously. These molecules are able to bypass the corneal layer, which is thought to serve as the main deterrent. We argue that the molecular weight (MW) of a compound must be under 500 Dalton to allow for skin absorption. Larger molecules are unable to penetrate the corneal layer. Arguments for this "500 Dalton rule" include: 1) Virtually all common contact...

Research Summary: Objectives: Diethyltoluamide and ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) are two active ingredients commonly found in insect repellent and sunscreen products, respectively. The concurrent application of these two substances often increases their systemic absorption, compromising the safety and efficiency of cosmetic products. In this study, diethyltoluamide and OMC were incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles, a colloidal drug delivery system, to reduce percutaneous absorption, avoid toxic effects, and maintain the efficacy of the two active compounds on the skin surface for a long duration. Methods: Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared using an ultrasonication technique and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses....