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Research Summary Most vertebrates need vitamin D to develop and maintain a healthy, mineralized skeleton. However, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically active vitamin D metabolite, exerts numerous important physiological effects beyond regulating calcium and bone metabolism. Today, we know that the skin plays a unique role in the human body's vitamin D endocrine system. It is the only site of vitamin D photosynthesis, making it central to achieving sufficient vitamin D levels.Additionally, the skin has the ability to synthesize the biologically active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3, and it serves as a significant target tissue for this metabolite. In keratinocytes and...

Research Summary Retinoids are a group of substances that include vitamin A and its natural and synthetic derivatives. Retinoids were first introduced in dermatology in 1943 by Straumfjord for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Since then, retinoids have been widely used in the management and treatment of various skin conditions, including photoaging.Photodamage to the skin occurs as a result of cumulative exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is characterized by deep wrinkles, easy bruising, inelasticity, mottled pigmentation, roughness, and telangiectasias. The mechanism behind UVR-induced photodamage is multifactorial. Retinoids have shown efficacy in treating photoaged skin, making them a valuable...

Research Summary The primary function of the skin is to act as a barrier against environmental insults, and its unique structure reflects this. The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermal outer layer, which is highly cellular and provides the barrier function, and the inner dermal layer, which ensures strength and elasticity while giving nutritional support to the epidermis.Normal skin contains high concentrations of vitamin C, which supports important and well-known functions. Vitamin C stimulates collagen synthesis and assists in antioxidant protection against UV-induced photodamage. This knowledge is often used as a rationale for the addition of vitamin C...

Research Summary After more than a decade of use, topical minoxidil solution has proven to be a safe and effective treatment for androgenetic alopecia. However, some patients report complaints of pruritus and scaling of the scalp. The most common causes of these symptoms include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, or an exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis.Patients suffering from allergic contact dermatitis may benefit from patch testing to identify the causative allergen. Among the patients we patch tested, propylene glycol was found to be the allergen in the majority of cases, rather than the minoxidil itself. Many of these patients may...