Research Summary
Skin cells are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Among environmental factors, UV radiation is the most significant contributor to the development of skin cancer and skin aging. UV exposure primarily leads to direct DNA oxidation or the generation of free radicals, which form and decompose rapidly, but their effects can last for extended periods—ranging from hours to years.
The UV-induced generation of ROS in the skin leads to oxidative stress when their formation exceeds the skin’s antioxidant defense capacity. To reduce oxidative stress, two approaches can be adopted: minimizing UV exposure and increasing antioxidant defense levels to scavenge ROS. The skin’s endogenous protection includes melanin and enzymatic antioxidants. Melanin, a pigment produced by melanocytes, serves as the first line of defense against DNA damage at the skin's surface. However, it is not entirely effective in preventing skin damage.
A second line of defense involves repair processes that remove damaged biomolecules before they accumulate and disrupt cell metabolism. Additional protective measures against UV damage include avoiding sun exposure, using sunscreens, wearing protective clothing, and taking antioxidant supplements.
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